Scientific Works Series C. Veterinary Medicine
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Entry into force of the ban on the use of the processed animal proteins (PAP) in feed for farmed animals and especially in ruminants is considered an important measure of prophylaxis to prevent BSE so the identification and the microscopic estimation of the constituents of animal origin became the official method and mandatory in all Member States. The method allows the identification of bone fragments, muscle tissue, hair, feathers, shell fragments and plant and mineral components. The microscopic analysis depends upon the identification of the hsitological characters macro-and microscopic structural of the processed animal tissue added in feed mixtures. To identify the microscopic animal constituents, some technical conditions are essential: optical microscope, stereo microscope, high-density solvent clarifying agents, microscope with digital visual images support as decision support. Between 2009-2012 were analysed to verify compliance 480 feed samples. Of the total samples analysed , 426 were compound feed (for ruminants, poultry, pigs) and 54 were raw materials (fish meal, premixes, animal fats). The incidence of processed animal proteins in this matrix was on average 0.46%, compared to 99.54% average of samples compliant. Nowadays four different approaches are applied to control the compliance on the prohibition of feeding with PAP: microscopic analysis, immunological analysis, infrared spectroscopy and microscopy (NIR), polymerization chain reaction (PCR). In this stage, the microscopic method is the only method validated and able to identify the nature of the animal in feed components with detection limit of <0.1%, but it cannot accurately detect the species of origin.
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Escherichia coli is one of the main inhabitants of the intestinal tract of most mammalian species and birds. In veterinary medicine, the presence of microbial carrier estate led to numerous studies on the presence, persistence and importance of E. coli in broiler chickens and has motivated epidemiological studies on bacterial contamination levels on the farms. Swabs from cloaca of intensively raised broiler chickens were randomly (2%) sampled along with sanitation samples after disinfection on the same farm. All samples were processed by use of conventional, OIE approved, bacteriological techniques to identify bacteria indicating faecal pollution of zoonotic importance. Strains passed to selective media were biochemically tested and identified by use of API20E kits (France, Lyon). The most important bacterial strain in the cloaca isolates was E. coli (68.75%), followed by Proteus vulgaris (18.75%) and Escherichia hermannii (12.5%). After disinfection, the swabs from surfaces tested constantly positive for Proteus spp, which proved to resist to broad spectrum disinfectants applied repeatedly, according to the technology. Both bacteria with pathogenic potential from the carried microbial flora and those isolated from surfaces represented a major risk, and could constitute a major cause of epidemic outbreaks under inappropriate technological circumstances.
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Primary bullous keratopathy is a pathological condition of the cornea characterized by bullae formation within the stroma, the primary cause being an endothelial dystrophy. Fluid accumulation results in progressive corneal oedema, that can affect vision. The condition will become painful when the epithelium is affected and ulceration develops. There are a variety of medical and surgical options to alleviate the pain and reduce the corneal oedema. This article reviews these treatment options, with some emphasis on thermokeratoplasty and the use of hyperosmotic solutions. Thermokeratoplasty is a surgical procedure that uses heat for shrinking the collagen of the corneal stroma, in this way preventing further fluid accumulation. Topical hyperosmotic preparations can be used as a symptomatic treatment for bullous keratopathy. They can decrease the extent of epithelial oedema and bullae formation,but do not decrease the stromal oedema. In this study, 5% sodium chloride in hylan protective eye drops was used for supportive treatment in bullous keratopathy in several dogs.
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